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Return to http//:www.noelhodson.com
Noel Hodson, 14
Tel 00 44 (0)1865 760994 noelhodson@btconnect.com.
www.noelhodson.com
Letters – Scientific American
GRAVITY MATTERS
Mordehai Milgrom’s excellent
article Does Dark Matter Really Exist (SA V287No2 Aug02), together with the
panel by Anthony Aguirre, clearly informs me, an amateur, for the first time,
of the factors that stimulate CDM theories and Professor Milgrom’s 20 year old
alternative theory MOND that arises from the observation that a space shuttle
falls to Earth at one hundred billion times the acceleration that Earth and its
Solar System fall towards the centre of the Milky Way. I can only speculate, as
I have not the training to calculate, that the Hubble constant for the
expansion of the universe (extrapolated from observed Red Shift, not
light-speed, thus mitigating the wholly circular arguments that universal
expansion might otherwise be reliant on) is, while mentioned in the article,
not given as prominent a place in these theories as it may deserve. Hubble
expansion measured at the visible horizon of the universe, a horizon that
recedes from us at the speed of light, is approximately 2.64E-18 or in laymen’s terms 0.00000000000000264% per
second. This endless, minuscule
expansion of every sphere, large or small, represents a constant acceleration
of the surface or horizon of that sphere. Einstein postulated that constant
acceleration is indistinguishable from gravity. It is therefore worth spending
some thought on the idea that gravity may be partially driven by Hubble
expansion. Professor Milgrom cites as an exciting possibility, “The vacuum. The vacuum is what is left when
one annihilates all matter (or equivalently energy) that can be annihilated
…….. the interaction of the vacuum with particles might contribute to the
inertia of objects ….. the vacuum also enters cosmology as on explanation for
cold dark matter.” I believe that the vacuum of any sphere in the universe
is momentarily increased by Hubble, as the stuff inside that sphere (radiation,
plasma or particles) attenuates, before being refilled from the omni-present
background radiation. I have further speculated that sphere’s of matter – say
at the centre of large planets or stars – or in any element, have formed
surfaces that hold back the incoming radiation for fractionally longer, and
thus have a stronger, attractive vacuum for a microcosm of time. It is these
ubiquitous Hubble vacuums, varying with the density of matter, I believe, that
are the reality behind CDM as they pull on each another. How this fits with
MOND will take me many months or years to understand. But I see no scientific
reason to yet change my construct “Universe”, about the creation of matter and
CDM, on my web site www.noelhodson.com.
Noel Hodson
Return to http//:www.noelhodson.com
Noel Hodson, 14
Tel +44 (0)1865 760994 fax
764520
The Letters Editor
New Scientist Magazine
letters @ newscientist.com
CC Aharon Davidson, Ben-
LEP elctroweak working group CERN
A Christmas gift to physicists searching for dark matter
and Higg’s boson.
Adrian Cho’s article “Darker and Darker” (NS 22/29 December
2001 page 10) revisits the mystery of dark matter, thought by many to be
required to glue the universe together. My view is that Hubble expansion is the
missing, mysterious dark force sought. If Aharon Davidson’s team at
Happy Christmas
Noel Hodson
*********************************
I note that Steinn
Siggurdson says he publicised his theory of planetary formation, a new
dimension of space and a huge increases in
If Hubble expansion
is the prime driver in the universe and if it acts at every scale, then every
zone or bubble or globe of space/time is expanding; by a percentage of each
globe’s surface, that gets larger every second – this is constant acceleration.
Einstein demonstrated that constant acceleration is indistinguishable from
gravity. Let’s assume that expansion is gravity and vice-versa. The basic stuff
or energy of the universe is light (the electro-magnetic spectrum). We have
dismissed the existence of the ether but wherever we choose to erect a
sensitive screen in the universe, light will be detected. It is an energy that
is everywhere at all times. It is the stuff of the universe. Imagine a zone or
globe that expands and attenuates the energy field, causing a vacuum. Light
rushes in to fill it. It expands again, light again rushes in to fill it. This
process and pulse is everywhere and it never ceases as the universe expands.
Randomly, light collides in these zones of expansion and in some instances
creates spin at the square of their impact speed (no friction exists to slow
them down). Such vortices are the first fractals of matter – and they are also
expanding constantly. This leads to the uncomfortable image that the Earth is
expanding, and that so are we. Imagine the zones are quantum defined at the
Big-Bang moment, and they are everywhere. Randomly, a zone will suck in a
fractal of matter; that in turn has compressed the equivalent of several zones
and acquired mass and inertia – all expanding. As such mass expands it has a
material surface that slows the tendency to refill the attenuated space and
allows a more powerful vacuum to form, it is a stronger attractor than open
space. Gravity has become apparent and that zone is actively attractive. Think
of it as an in-falling zone. It does not rely on random collisions to build its
mass and therefore the mass will build more rapidly. The “gravity radiation” or
gravitons that elude particle physicists are, in this theory, the in-falling of
any zone, that pulls or attracts energy and matter from its immediate
surroundings into the hole caused by expansion – in a field force effect, at a
constant rate, that Einstein tells us is indistinguishable from gravity. I propose
it is but a small mental leap to imagine that expansion is gravity – and if so,
this new perspective, this new dynamic tension throughout the universe will
answer some of the perplexing questions Sigurdsson and many others are
investigating.
This Gravity-is-Expansion
theory, I aver, is a lot more fun than Stienn Siggurdson’s theory. It gets
scary when the question is put – “what happens if it all stops expanding?”
Noel Hodson
14
http://www.noelhodson.com/universe.htm
**********************************
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Stuart Clark’s
article Chasing Shadows (NS2287 21s April 2001), updates reports on the
cosmologists’ search for CDM, WIMPS and dark galaxies. These phenomena may or
may not be found to exist. However, the fundamental factor for measuring the
universe and for making many of the calculations that trigger the searches for
missing “dark” matter is Hubble’s Constant for the expansion of the universe.
The application of Hubble’s Constant necessarily creates a set of circular
arguments, but it has been widely accepted and is the basis for the Big Bang
theory. The implications of expansion
seem to be not factored into the search for the alleged missing mass that, for
example, holds galaxies together. If scientists rely on the Big Bang theory
they should also accept expansion. The effects of expansion are, it seems,
ignored. However tenuous the, in practical terms, infinite fabric of the
universe and its energy fields may be, if the whole is constantly expanding
then those elements must also be expanding and must for a short, virtual moment
of expansion become even more tenuous. This attenuation must occur on every
scale and in every zone or sphere of the universe, however large or small. It
may vary with mass and other features and forces. Such attenuation would,
logically, create an attractive, binding force. The most reliable data about
the rate of expansion (though again a circular argument), is that the visible
perimeter, circumference or horizon of the visible universe accelerates away from
us, the observers, at the speed of light.
As a percentage of the universe it is a small effect – but then so is
gravity. And if, as the Americans say, we do the Mathĺ, it may be seen as a significant part of
the solution to missing matter. Perhaps not matter at all, but rather the
absence of it.
Noel Hodson
noelhodson@btconnect.com
www.noelhodson.com
14
ĺ We believe the radius (age) of the visible
universe to be about 12 billion light years, receding at 300,000 kilometres per
second. Adding 300,000 kilometres to the radius and calculating the change in
the circumference gives a factor of 2.642482665314E
–18 (0.00000000000000264% per second).
*****************************************************
GRAVITY AND THE
COX’S PIPPIN.
The article, Medium
Mass, by Marcus Chown 3rd Feb 2001, on Mass, Inertia and Gravity,
reviewing the work of Haisch, Rueda, Wesson and Puthoff prompted me to contemplate my own agreeable
mass and inertia. On Earth I weigh 13.5 stone of perfectly formed, but aging
bone and muscle, leavened with a few ounces of brain cells. I daily fight the
heroic fight to remain vertical against the forces of gravity. To stop the
fight I would need to travel 250,000 miles from Earth where I could bob about
in space weighing just 0.5
Noel Hodson
14
http://www.noelhodson.com/universe.htm
***************************
Return to http//:www.noelhodson.com
The three articles
on black-holes in New Scientist 1st
April 2000; by Marcus Chown, on atom sized black holes and by Nigel Henbest and
by Stephen Battersby on quasars, radio jets and galactic sized black holes
tacitly assume that black-holes are collapsed very large objects, compressed by
gravity – a force that, as Newton’s apple demonstrated, is self-evident but, as
the continuing search for gravitons and CDM illustrate, is not yet understood.
The observed and theoretical characteristics of black-holes, particularly the
emission of immensely energetic radio jets, might better fit with Hubbard’s
expanding universe than with the concept of matter crushing itself into the
total annihilation of a singularity and quitting the universe.
Einstein
demonstrated in his constantly accelerating windowless elevator thought
experiment that gravity and constant acceleration are indistinguishable from
each other. If Hubble expansion is to be incorporated into universal theories
then every zone (e.g. sphere), at every scale, sub-atomic through galactic to
universal, must logically be expanding at a constant (or variable) rate of
acceleration. Einstein tells us that we would not know whether our experience
of weight were due to gravity or expansion – if we were to stand on the surface
of a sphere in Hubble’s ever expanding universe. We must ask ourselves just
what is expanding in Hubble’s universe – just what is the fabric of the
universe that stretches and grows infinitely; and what local effect does such
expansion have on attenuating energy and matter.
The existence of
galactic and atomic black holes implies that black holes may exist at any scale
in any part of the universe. If, as Fred Hoyle postulated many years ago
(before recanting), the universe is being constantly created at all points and
if, as Einstein demonstrated, we cannot distinguish between expansion
(acceleration) and gravity and if Hubble’s interpretation of red-shift being
evidence for universal expansion is correct, the ubiquitous black holes could
be caused by expansion – and they could be spawning not destroying matter.
Thought of as
vacuums created by the attenuation of the stuff of the universe as it expands,
black holes would exhibit exactly the same behaviour and characteristics as
collapsed gravitational objects. The power of expansion would attenuate the
universal fabric and nature, abhorring a vacuum would rush to fill the void –
with energy and matter. As the void of a black hole was filled, bearing in mind
that the zone is constantly expanding, a pulse would occur of expansion, void,
fill, expansion. The in-rushing or in-falling energy and matter would collide,
become plasma due the impact and recoil. It may be postulated that the
collisions of energy in these zones created and still create primary particles.
Thus paradoxically,
zones of Hubble expansion would attract matter and energy as the zones push out
their boundaries. This expansive, attractive force would in all ways be
indistinguishable from gravity. CDM would be explained by the existence of
innumerable, invisible black holes. Black holes rather than being The Great
Annihilators of Nigel Henbest’s article, would in fact be the fundamental
unifying force and the creators of the universe.
Noel Hodson
14
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